Incorrect. For adult CPR, the ratio ensures adequate perfusion and oxygenation when no advanced airway is in place.

Incorrect. Administered every 3-5 minutes to restore circulation by increasing coronary and cerebral perfusion pressure.

Incorrect. Optimal for maintaining adequate circulation without risking poor perfusion due to excessive speed.

Incorrect. The most reliable method to confirm and monitor placement by measuring exhaled CO?.

Incorrect. Stabilizes the myocardial membrane and prevents arrhythmias.

Incorrect. Maintains vasoconstriction, improving blood flow to vital organs during resuscitation.

Incorrect. Immediate CPR is required as asystole is a non-shockable rhythm.

Incorrect. Indicates effective chest compressions and blood circulation during resuscitation.

Incorrect. First-line treatment to block vagal stimulation and increase heart rate.

Incorrect. Maximum energy for monophasic defibrillators; for biphasic, follow manufacturer recommendations.

Incorrect. IV access is preferred for rapid administration; IO is the alternative if IV access is unavailable.

Incorrect. Avoid delays to minimize interruptions in chest compressions and maintain perfusion.

Incorrect. Prevents progression to cardiac arrest by restoring a normal rhythm.

Incorrect. Administered via rapid IV push, followed by a saline flush to terminate reentrant arrhythmias.

Incorrect. Requires immediate defibrillation to restore organized cardiac activity.

Incorrect. Reduces the risk of oxidative stress and worsened outcomes by preventing hyperoxia.

Incorrect. Delivers an electrical shock to depolarize the heart and restore a normal rhythm.

Incorrect. Provides external electrical stimuli to maintain adequate heart rate when atropine fails.

Incorrect. Minimizes interruptions to maintain blood flow to vital organs.

Incorrect. Stabilizes the myocardium and suppresses arrhythmias during refractory VF or pulseless VT.

Incorrect. Pulse checks should be limited to 10 seconds to minimize interruptions in chest compressions.

Incorrect. PEA is treated with epinephrine and high-quality CPR to address underlying reversible causes.

Incorrect. Switching every 2 minutes reduces rescuer fatigue and ensures high-quality chest compressions.

Incorrect. This rate ensures effective circulation without causing inadequate ventricular filling.

Incorrect. These shockable rhythms require immediate defibrillation to restore a perfusing rhythm.

Incorrect. Oxygenation and ventilation should be optimized to avoid hypoxia or hyperoxia during post-cardiac arrest care.

Incorrect. Targeted temperature management improves neurological outcomes by preventing further brain injury.

Incorrect. Amiodarone is used to stabilize wide-complex tachycardias in stable patients to prevent deterioration into cardiac arrest.

Incorrect. Rhythm checks should be performed every 2 minutes during CPR, coinciding with compressor role switches.

Incorrect. IM epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis, administered into the mid-thigh for rapid absorption.

Incorrect. Hypoxia is a reversible cause of PEA; it must be treated immediately with oxygenation and ventilation.

Incorrect. High-quality CPR should be resumed immediately after defibrillation to maintain perfusion and increase chances of ROSC.

Incorrect. Maintaining this range prevents hypoxia while minimizing the risks of hyperoxia and oxidative injury.

Incorrect. Early defibrillation is critical for survival, especially in shockable rhythms like VF/VT.

Incorrect. Lidocaine is an antiarrhythmic drug used as an alternative to amiodarone for VF or pulseless VT.

Incorrect. IO access provides a reliable alternative for rapid drug delivery during resuscitation when IV access cannot be obtained.

Incorrect. Ventilation with an advanced airway should be provided at a rate of 1 breath every 6 seconds, or 10 breaths per minute.

Incorrect. PETCO2 values greater than 10 mmHg during CPR indicate adequate chest compressions and blood circulation.

Incorrect. Calcium gluconate stabilizes the cardiac membrane and reduces the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias caused by hyperkalemia.

Incorrect. Two minutes of CPR (about 5 cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths) should be performed before reassessing the rhythm.

Incorrect. Amiodarone is used after defibrillation and epinephrine for refractory VF to stabilize the myocardium.

Incorrect. Delivering 10 breaths per minute ensures adequate oxygenation without causing hyperventilation.

Incorrect. Hypothermia is a potentially reversible cause of cardiac arrest and should be addressed during resuscitation.

Incorrect. Naloxone is used to reverse opioid overdose, restoring respiratory effort in patients with respiratory depression.

Incorrect. A sudden increase in PETCO2 is a reliable indicator of ROSC, reflecting improved circulation and gas exchange.

Incorrect. Needle decompression relieves pressure caused by tension pneumothorax, improving ventilation and circulation.

Incorrect. Oxygenation and ventilation should be closely monitored to prevent hypoxia and hyperoxia.

Incorrect. Interruptions in chest compressions should not exceed 10 seconds to maintain adequate perfusion to vital organs.

Incorrect. Magnesium sulfate stabilizes the cardiac membrane and is the drug of choice for treating torsades de pointes.

Incorrect. VF is a shockable rhythm requiring immediate defibrillation to restore organized electrical activity.

Incorrect. Atropine blocks vagal stimulation, increasing heart rate in cases of symptomatic bradycardia.

Incorrect. Dopamine is used when atropine is ineffective, improving heart rate and contractility by stimulating beta receptors.

Incorrect. CPR should be resumed immediately after defibrillation to maintain perfusion and increase the likelihood of ROSC.

Incorrect. Epinephrine is administered after defibrillation to enhance coronary and cerebral perfusion during resuscitation.

Incorrect. Atrial flutter presents as a sawtooth pattern on the ECG and requires rate control or cardioversion depending on stability.

Incorrect. Rhythm checks are performed every 2 minutes during pauses in CPR to evaluate for shockable rhythms.

Incorrect. Maintaining a compression fraction above 80% ensures adequate blood flow during resuscitation.

Incorrect. Asystole is a non-shockable rhythm treated with high-quality CPR and epinephrine.

Incorrect. Vagal maneuvers stimulate the vagus nerve, often terminating narrow-complex SVT caused by reentrant circuits.

Incorrect. Pediatric defibrillation starts at 2 J/kg for the initial shock, increasing as needed based on the patient's response.

Incorrect. Shouting for help ensures additional resources and a defibrillator are quickly available.

Incorrect. Synchronized cardioversion is used to restore a normal rhythm in unstable atrial fibrillation.

Incorrect. Symptomatic second-degree AV block type II can progress to complete heart block, requiring pacing.

Incorrect. TTM helps reduce neurological injury after ROSC by maintaining a target temperature between 32-36°C.

Incorrect. A rate of 100-120 compressions per minute optimizes perfusion without compromising cardiac filling.

Incorrect. Amiodarone stabilizes the myocardium and is given as a bolus for refractory VF or pulseless VT.

Incorrect. Epinephrine is repeated every 3-5 minutes during cardiac arrest to enhance perfusion pressure.

Incorrect. Adenosine is administered as a rapid IV push to terminate SVT in pediatric patients, followed by a saline flush.

Incorrect. Atropine is the first-line drug for symptomatic bradycardia, increasing heart rate by blocking vagal stimulation.

Incorrect. Pulse checks are performed every 2 minutes during rhythm assessments to evaluate the effectiveness of resuscitation.

Incorrect. A single rescuer performs 30 compressions followed by 2 breaths to maximize perfusion and oxygenation in pediatric CPR.

Incorrect. Ventricular fibrillation presents as a disorganized rhythm that requires immediate defibrillation.

Incorrect. Synchronized cardioversion with 50-100 J is effective for narrow, regular tachycardias that are unstable.

Incorrect. Positioning the patient with a slight left tilt prevents aortocaval compression and improves venous return during CPR.

Incorrect. Synchronized cardioversion is the treatment of choice for unstable ventricular tachycardia with a pulse.

Incorrect. Ventilations are delivered at a rate of 6-8 breaths per minute to prevent hyperventilation.

Incorrect. Atropine doses should not exceed 3 mg during bradycardia management to avoid adverse effects.

Incorrect. Thrombosis (pulmonary or coronary) is a reversible cause of cardiac arrest and should be addressed immediately.

Incorrect. Pediatric defibrillation starts with 2 J/kg, increasing to 4 J/kg for subsequent shocks if needed.

Incorrect. PETCO2 monitoring ensures effective ventilation and provides feedback on the quality of chest compressions during CPR.

Incorrect. The 15:2 ratio improves oxygenation and circulation during high-quality infant CPR performed by two rescuers.

Incorrect. Epinephrine is dosed at 0.01 mg/kg IV/IO during pediatric cardiac arrest to improve coronary and cerebral perfusion.

Incorrect. A PETCO2 reading above 10 mmHg indicates adequate chest compressions and cardiac output during CPR.

Incorrect. Ventricular fibrillation is the most common cause of sudden cardiac arrest and requires immediate defibrillation.

Incorrect. Chest compressions are performed to dislodge the obstruction and restore effective ventilation in an unresponsive infant.

Incorrect. Delivering 6-8 breaths per minute minimizes interruptions in chest compressions and prevents hyperventilation.

Incorrect. A supine position ensures proper electrode placement and effective delivery of defibrillation shocks.

Incorrect. Vagal maneuvers stimulate the vagus nerve, often terminating reentrant arrhythmias causing narrow-complex tachycardia.

Incorrect. Biphasic defibrillators deliver effective shocks within the range of 120-200 J, restoring organized electrical activity.

Incorrect. Minimizing interruptions to less than 10 seconds preserves perfusion and improves resuscitation outcomes.

Incorrect. High-quality CPR is the primary intervention for PEA, followed by epinephrine administration and addressing reversible causes.

Incorrect. Amiodarone is the preferred antiarrhythmic for stabilizing wide-complex tachycardia in stable patients.

Incorrect. PEA is treated with CPR and epinephrine, as defibrillation is ineffective for non-shockable rhythms.

Incorrect. A compression fraction greater than 80% ensures that most of the resuscitation time is spent performing chest compressions.

Incorrect. Rapid defibrillation within 1 minute of witnessed VF increases the likelihood of survival and ROSC.

Incorrect. The jaw thrust maneuver opens the airway without manipulating the cervical spine, protecting against spinal cord injury.

Incorrect. Epinephrine is given as a continuous infusion to maintain adequate heart rate and perfusion when atropine is ineffective.

Incorrect. Lidocaine is an alternative antiarrhythmic for refractory VF, dosed at 1 mg/kg IV/IO.

Incorrect. Rotating team roles every 2 minutes prevents fatigue, ensuring consistent delivery of high-quality chest compressions.

Incorrect. Early stabilization of blood pressure and oxygenation is critical to preventing further cardiac arrest after ROSC.

Incorrect. Activating EMS ensures help is on the way while you assess and initiate resuscitation.

Incorrect. Compressing the chest 2-2.4 inches ensures adequate blood flow while minimizing injury risks.

Incorrect. Oxygen levels should be monitored and optimized to maintain saturation within the target range of 92-96%.

Incorrect. Pausing compressions for more than 10 seconds interrupts perfusion and reduces the chances of ROSC.

Incorrect. Epinephrine at 1 mg IV every 3-5 minutes is used to enhance perfusion during cardiac arrest.

Incorrect. Adenosine is used to terminate stable narrow-complex tachycardia by slowing AV node conduction.

Incorrect. TTM prevents further neurological injury by maintaining a controlled core temperature after ROSC.

Incorrect. Delivering 1 breath every 5-6 seconds prevents hypoventilation or hyperventilation.

Incorrect. Defibrillation is the primary treatment for pulseless VT, aiming to restore organized cardiac activity.

Incorrect. The same compression rate as adults ensures adequate perfusion in pediatric patients during CPR.

Incorrect. Asystole is a non-shockable rhythm requiring high-quality CPR and epinephrine administration.

Incorrect. Atropine at 0.5 mg IV is the first-line treatment for symptomatic bradycardia caused by vagal stimulation.

Incorrect. Waveform capnography ensures proper ET tube placement by monitoring exhaled CO? levels.

Incorrect. Two minutes of CPR (about 5 cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths) should be completed before checking the rhythm.

Incorrect. PETCO2 readings above 10 mmHg during CPR indicate adequate chest compressions and cardiac output.

Incorrect. VF is a shockable rhythm, and immediate defibrillation is the most effective treatment.

Incorrect. The jaw thrust technique opens the airway while minimizing cervical spine movement, reducing the risk of further injury.

Incorrect. For biphasic defibrillators, 120-200 J is the recommended energy range for VF.

Incorrect. Magnesium sulfate stabilizes the cardiac membrane and is the drug of choice for torsades de pointes.

Incorrect. PETCO2 monitoring provides real-time feedback on ventilation and the effectiveness of chest compressions.

Incorrect. Immediate defibrillation is critical for shockable rhythms like ventricular fibrillation and pulseless VT.

Incorrect. A 30:2 ratio ensures adequate oxygenation and circulation when no advanced airway is present.

Incorrect. Amiodarone is administered as a 300 mg IV/IO bolus for refractory VF or pulseless VT.

Incorrect. Ventilations should be provided at a controlled rate of 6-8 breaths per minute to prevent hyperventilation.

Incorrect. A compression fraction above 80% ensures that most of the resuscitation time is spent performing chest compressions.

Incorrect. Atropine is the first-line treatment for symptomatic bradycardia, increasing the heart rate by blocking vagal stimulation.

Incorrect. Defibrillation attempts should be separated by 2-minute CPR cycles to ensure effective perfusion and rhythm evaluation.

Incorrect. Compressing one-third the depth of the chest ensures adequate perfusion while minimizing the risk of injury.

Incorrect. Epinephrine at 0.01 mg/kg is administered every 3-5 minutes during pediatric cardiac arrest to improve coronary perfusion.

Incorrect. Naloxone reverses opioid-induced respiratory depression, restoring normal respiratory function.

Incorrect. VF is a shockable rhythm requiring immediate defibrillation to restore organized cardiac activity.

Incorrect. Post-ROSC care focuses on maintaining oxygenation and avoiding hypoxia or hyperoxia to protect organ function.

Incorrect. PETCO2 monitoring provides continuous feedback on the quality of chest compressions and the effectiveness of resuscitation.

Incorrect. Adenosine is used to terminate reentrant arrhythmias in narrow-complex SVT by slowing conduction through the AV node.

Incorrect. Synchronized cardioversion with 120-200 J is used to restore normal rhythm in unstable atrial fibrillation.

Incorrect. CPR is the primary intervention for PEA, followed by epinephrine and identification of reversible causes.

Incorrect. A left lateral tilt prevents aortocaval compression, improving venous return and cardiac output during resuscitation.

Incorrect. Adenosine is administered as a 6 mg rapid IV push, followed by a saline flush, to terminate reentrant arrhythmias.

Incorrect. Rhythm checks should be performed every 2 minutes, coinciding with rescuer role switches, to evaluate for shockable rhythms.

Incorrect. Oxygen saturation should be maintained at 92-96% to prevent hypoxia and avoid the harmful effects of hyperoxia.

Incorrect. Asystole is a non-shockable rhythm requiring immediate high-quality CPR and administration of epinephrine.

Incorrect. Maintaining oxygen saturation within this range ensures adequate oxygenation without the risk of hyperoxia.

Incorrect. Providing 6-8 breaths per minute ensures adequate oxygenation and ventilation without interfering with chest compressions.

Incorrect. Pulse checks should be limited to 5-10 seconds to minimize interruptions in chest compressions.

Incorrect. VF is a shockable rhythm, and defibrillation is the most effective intervention to restore a normal rhythm.

Incorrect. Compressing to one-third the depth of the chest ensures adequate perfusion while minimizing the risk of injury.

Incorrect. Magnesium sulfate is administered to stabilize the myocardium and treat torsades de pointes effectively.

Incorrect. High-quality CPR should be resumed immediately after a shock to maintain perfusion and increase the likelihood of ROSC.

Incorrect. Pulseless VT is a shockable rhythm requiring immediate defibrillation to restore organized cardiac activity.

Incorrect. Synchronized cardioversion is used to terminate unstable SVT by restoring normal electrical activity in the heart.

Incorrect. Adequate oxygenation and ventilation are critical to preventing hypoxia or hyperoxia after ROSC.

Incorrect. Dopamine is used to improve heart rate and contractility in bradycardia unresponsive to atropine.

Incorrect. Continuous chest compressions are performed while ventilations are delivered every 6 seconds when an advanced airway is in place.

Incorrect. Synchronized cardioversion at 100 J is effective for restoring a stable rhythm in unstable ventricular tachycardia.

Incorrect. Hypothermia is a reversible cause of cardiac arrest and should be addressed during resuscitation efforts.

Incorrect. If VF persists after defibrillation and epinephrine, amiodarone is administered to stabilize the rhythm.

Incorrect. Hypoxia is the most frequent reversible cause of PEA and should be addressed immediately with oxygenation and ventilation.

Incorrect. Switching compressors every 2 minutes reduces rescuer fatigue, ensuring high-quality chest compressions are maintained.

Incorrect. Adenosine is administered as a 0.1 mg/kg rapid IV push for pediatric SVT, followed by a saline flush.

Incorrect. Rhythm checks are performed every 2 minutes to evaluate for shockable rhythms and assess the need for defibrillation.

Incorrect. Placing hands on the lower half of the sternum ensures effective chest compressions without damaging other structures.

Incorrect. Atropine is the first-line drug for treating symptomatic bradycardia by increasing heart rate through vagal inhibition.

Incorrect. Epinephrine is given to improve perfusion pressure and increase the chance of ROSC in persistent VF.

Incorrect. A rate of 100-120 compressions per minute ensures adequate circulation in pediatric patients.

Incorrect. Assessing responsiveness is the first step in determining the need for CPR or other interventions in the BLS survey.

Incorrect. Epinephrine is given at a dose of 1 mg IV/IO every 3-5 minutes during adult cardiac arrest to improve perfusion.

Incorrect. For unstable narrow, irregular tachycardias, synchronized cardioversion at 120-200 J is recommended.

Incorrect. Pulseless VT is a shockable rhythm that requires immediate defibrillation to restore a perfusing rhythm.

Incorrect. Post-ROSC care focuses on stabilizing ventilation and oxygenation to prevent hypoxia or hyperoxia.

Incorrect. Ventilations are delivered every 6-8 seconds to provide oxygenation without interrupting chest compressions.

Incorrect. High-quality CPR is the primary treatment for asystole, along with epinephrine and addressing reversible causes.

Incorrect. PEA is treated with CPR, epinephrine, and identifying reversible causes to restore organized electrical activity.

Incorrect. Magnesium sulfate stabilizes the myocardium and is the drug of choice for torsades de pointes.

Incorrect. Adenosine is the first-line drug for treating narrow-complex SVT by slowing conduction through the AV node.

Incorrect. Interruptions in chest compressions should be minimized to less than 10 seconds to maintain adequate perfusion.

Incorrect. Pediatric defibrillation begins at 2 J/kg for the first shock and increases as necessary for subsequent shocks.

Incorrect. The two-thumb encircling technique provides high-quality compressions for infants during CPR.